SS-31 2S
Mitochondria-targeted peptide
Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (elamipretide) interacting with cardiolipin, studied for electron transport and mitochondrial oxidative stress.
Evidence level. Published human clinical data exists, from trials or approved use. About the badges
- Class
- Mitochondria-targeted peptide
- Category
- Mitochondrial & Longevity
- Type
- Single compound
- Abbreviation
- 2S
- Development and regulatory status
- Elamipretide: FDA accelerated approval 2025 (Barth syndrome); other uses investigational
What researchers study
Tetrapeptide (elamipretide) that concentrates at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with cardiolipin. Reported in laboratory models to support electron-transport function and reduce mitochondrial reactive-oxygen species.
Research areas
- Mitochondrial membrane and cardiolipin interaction studies
- Oxidative-stress models in cells and animals
- Primary mitochondrial myopathy clinical trials
- Barth syndrome clinical research
Reported findings
Summaries of published results. Each one is tagged with the type of study behind it. They describe research outcomes and are not claims about any product. Why study type matters.
- regulatory review
FDA granted accelerated approval in September 2025 for Barth syndrome, based on a surrogate endpoint of knee-extension muscle strength
- phase 3 trial
In the phase 3 MMPOWER-3 trial (218 participants, mitochondrial myopathy), elamipretide did not differ from placebo on walk distance or fatigue at 24 weeks
Studied alongside
Compounds that appear together in research because their mechanisms complement each other, or as comparators. The reasons given are research reasoning, not recommendations for use.
- MOTS-c (Human)Mitochondria-related peptide studied in metabolic and ageing models
- NAD+Complementary mitochondrial-energy and redox pathway in ageing research
- GlutathioneRedox-balance antioxidant studied in oxidative-stress models
